Topic 11.2: Muscles and movement

11.2.1 State the roles of bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons and nerves in human movement

11.2.2 Label a diagram of the human elbow join, including cartilages, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones and antagonistic muscles (biceps and triceps)

11.2.3 Outline the functions of the structures in the human elbow joint named in 11.2.2

11.2.4 Compare the movements in the hip joint and the knee joint

11.2.5 Describe the structure of striated muscle fibres, including the myofibrils with light and dark bands, mitochondria, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, nuclei and the sacrolemma

11.2.6 Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of a sacromere, including Z lines, actin filaments, myosin filaments with heads, and the resultant light and dark bands

11.2.7 Explain how skeletal muscles contracts, including the release of calcium ions from the sacroplasmic reticulum, the formation of cross-bridges, the sliding of actin and myosin filaments, and the use of ATP to break cross-bridges and re-set myosin heads

11.2.8 Analyse electron micrographs to find the state of contraction of muscles fibres