Option H3: Absorption of digested foods

H.3.1 Draw and label a diagram showing a transverse section of the ileum as seen under a light microscope

H.3.2 Explain the structural features of a epithelial cell of a villus as seen in electron micrographs, including microvilli, mitochondria, pinocytotic vesicles and tight junction

H.3.3 Explain the mechanism used by the ileum to absorb and transport food, including facilitated diffusion, active transport and endocytosis

H.3.4 List the materials that are not absorbed and are egested

Option H2: Digestion

H.2.1 State that digestive juices are secreted into the alimentary canal by glands, including salivary glands, gastric glands in the stomach wall, the pancreas and the wall of the small intestine

H.2.2 Explain the structural features of exocrine gland cells

H.2.3 Compare the composition of saliva, gastric juice and pancreatic juice

H.2.4 Outline the control of digestive juice secretion by nerves and hormones, using the example of secretion of gastric juice

H.2.5 Outline the role of membrane-bound enzymes on the surface of epithelial cells in the small intestine in digestion

H.2.6 Outline the reason for cellulose not being digested in the alimentary canal

H.2.7 Explain why pepsin and trypsin are initially synthesized as inactive precursors and how they are subsequently activated

H.2.8 Discuss the roles of gastric acid and Helicobacter pylori in the development of stomach uclers and stomach cancers

H.2.9 Explain the problem of lipid digestion in a hydrophilic medium and the role of bile in overcoming this

Option H1: Hormonal control

H.1.1 State that hormones are chemical messengers secreted endocrine glands into the blood and transported to specific target cells

H.1.2 State that hormones can be steroids, proteins and tyrosine derivatives, with one example of each

H.1.3 Distinguish between the mode of action of steroid hormones and protein hormones

H.1.4 Outline the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

H.1.5 Explain the control of ADH (vasopressin) secretion by negative feedback

Option H: Further human physiology

Option H of the IB HL Biology syllabus is the Further human physiology. IBO recommends to spend 22 hours on this topic.

This topic has 6 sub-chapters: "Hormonal control", "Digestion", "Absorption of digested food", "Function of the liver", "The transport system" and "Gas exchange". Each are separated with numerical values in order of mentioned.

These are all HL option syllabus statements, it is recommended to bring a Casio Graphical Calculator instead of Texas.

Topic 11.4: Reproduction

11.4.1 Annotate a light micrograph of testis tissue to show the location and function of interstitial cells (Leydig cells), germinal epithelium cells, developing spermatozoa and Sertoli cells

11.4.2 Outline the processes involved in spermatogenesis within the testis, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis and cell differentiation

11.4.3 State the role of LH, testosterone and FSH in spermatogenesis

11.4.4 Annotate a diagram of the ovary to show the location and function of germinal epithelium, primary follicles, mature follicle and secondary oocyte

11.4.5 Outline the processes involved in oogenesis within the ovary, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis, the unequal division of cytoplasm and the degeneration of polar body

11.4.6 Draw and label a diagram of a mature sperm and egg

11.4.7 Outline the role of the epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate gland in the production of semen

11.4.8 Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, including the number of gametes and the timing of the formation and release of gametes

11.4.9 Describe the process of fertilization, including the acrosome reaction, penetration of the egg membrane by a sperm and the cortical reaction

11.4.10 Outline the role of HCG in early pregnancy

11.4.11 Outline the early embryo development up to the implantation of the blastocyst

11.4.12 Explain how the structure and functions of the placenta, including its hormonal role in the secretion of estrogen and progesterone, maintain pregnancy

11.4.13 State that the fetus is supported and protected by the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid

11.4.14 State that materials are exchanged between the maternal and fetal blood in the placenta

11.4.15 Outline the process of birth and its hormonal control, including the changes in progesterone and oxytocin levels and positive feedback

Topic 11.3: The kidney

11.3.1 Define excretion

11.3.2 Draw and label a diagram of the kidney

11.3.3 Annotate a diagram of a glomerulus and associated nephron to show the function of each part

11.3.4 Explain the process of ultrafiltration, including blood pressure, fenestrated blood capillaries and basement membrane

11.3.5 Define osmoregulation

11.3.6 Explain the reabsorption of glucose, water and salts in the proximal convulated tubule, including the roles of microvilli, osmosis and active transport

11.3.7 Explain the roles of the loop of Henle, medulla, collecting duct and ADH (vasopressin) in maintaining the water balance of the blood

11.3.8 Explain the differences in the concentration of proteins, glucose and urea between blood plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine

11.3.9 Explain the presence of glucose in the urine of untreated diabetic patients

Topic 11.2: Muscles and movement

11.2.1 State the roles of bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons and nerves in human movement

11.2.2 Label a diagram of the human elbow join, including cartilages, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones and antagonistic muscles (biceps and triceps)

11.2.3 Outline the functions of the structures in the human elbow joint named in 11.2.2

11.2.4 Compare the movements in the hip joint and the knee joint

11.2.5 Describe the structure of striated muscle fibres, including the myofibrils with light and dark bands, mitochondria, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, nuclei and the sacrolemma

11.2.6 Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of a sacromere, including Z lines, actin filaments, myosin filaments with heads, and the resultant light and dark bands

11.2.7 Explain how skeletal muscles contracts, including the release of calcium ions from the sacroplasmic reticulum, the formation of cross-bridges, the sliding of actin and myosin filaments, and the use of ATP to break cross-bridges and re-set myosin heads

11.2.8 Analyse electron micrographs to find the state of contraction of muscles fibres