11.2.1 State the roles of bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons and nerves in human movement
11.2.2 Label a diagram of the human elbow join, including cartilages, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones and antagonistic muscles (biceps and triceps)
11.2.3 Outline the functions of the structures in the human elbow joint named in 11.2.2
11.2.4 Compare the movements in the hip joint and the knee joint
11.2.5 Describe the structure of striated muscle fibres, including the myofibrils with light and dark bands, mitochondria, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, nuclei and the sacrolemma
11.2.6 Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of a sacromere, including Z lines, actin filaments, myosin filaments with heads, and the resultant light and dark bands
11.2.7 Explain how skeletal muscles contracts, including the release of calcium ions from the sacroplasmic reticulum, the formation of cross-bridges, the sliding of actin and myosin filaments, and the use of ATP to break cross-bridges and re-set myosin heads
11.2.8 Analyse electron micrographs to find the state of contraction of muscles fibres
2014年6月9日 星期一
Topic 11.1: Defense against infectious disease
11.1.1 Describe the process of blood clotting
11.1.2 Outline the principle of challenge and response, clonal selection and memory cells as the basis of immunity
11.1.3 Define active and passive immunity
11.1.4 Explain antibody production
11.1.5 Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnosis and in treatment
11.1.6 Explain the principle of vaccination
11.1.7 Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination
11.1.2 Outline the principle of challenge and response, clonal selection and memory cells as the basis of immunity
11.1.3 Define active and passive immunity
11.1.4 Explain antibody production
11.1.5 Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnosis and in treatment
11.1.6 Explain the principle of vaccination
11.1.7 Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination
Topic 11: Human health and physiology
Topic 11 of the IB HL Biology syllabus is the Genetics. IBO recommends to spend 17 hours on this topic.
This topic has 4 sub-chapters: "Defense against infectious disease", "Muscles and movement", "The kidney" and "Reproduction". Each are separated with numerical values in order of mentioned.
These are all HL syllabus statements, it is recommended to bring a Casio Graphical Calculator instead of Texas.
This topic has 4 sub-chapters: "Defense against infectious disease", "Muscles and movement", "The kidney" and "Reproduction". Each are separated with numerical values in order of mentioned.
These are all HL syllabus statements, it is recommended to bring a Casio Graphical Calculator instead of Texas.
Topic 6.6: Reproduction
6.6.1 Draw and label diagrams of the adult male and female reproductive systems
6.6.2 Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormones), LH (luteinizing hormone), estrogen and progesterone
6.6.3 Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormone level and ovulation, menstruation and thickening of the endometrium
6.6.4 List three roles of testosterone in males
6.6.5 Outline the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF)
6.6.6 Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF
6.6.2 Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormones), LH (luteinizing hormone), estrogen and progesterone
6.6.3 Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormone level and ovulation, menstruation and thickening of the endometrium
6.6.4 List three roles of testosterone in males
6.6.5 Outline the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF)
6.6.6 Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF
Topic 6.5: Nerves, hormones and homeostasis
6.5.1 State that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nerves, and is composed of cells called neurons that can carry rapid electrical impulses
6.5.2 Draw and label a diagram of the structure of a motor neuron
6.5.3 State that nerve impulses are conducted from recpetors to the CNS by sensory neurons, within the CNS by relay neurons, and from the CNS to effectors by motor neurons
6.5.4 Define resting potential and action potential (depolarization and repolarization)
6.5.5 Explain how a nerve impulse passes along a non-myelinated neuron
6.5.6 Explain the principles of synaptic transmission
6.5.7 State that the endocrine system consists of glands that release hormones that are transported in the blood
6.5.8 State that homeostasis involves maintaining the internal environment between limits, including blood pH, carbon dioxide concentration, blood glucose concentration, body temperature and water balance
6.5.9 Explain that homeostasis involves monitoring levels of variables and correcting changes in levels by negative feedback mechanism
6.5.10 Explain the control of body temperature, including the transfer of heat in blood, and the roles of the hypothalamus, sweat glands, skin arterioles and shivering
6.5.11 Explain the control of blood glucose concentration, including the roles of glucagon, insulin and a and b cells in the pancreatic islets
6.5.12 Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes
6.5.2 Draw and label a diagram of the structure of a motor neuron
6.5.3 State that nerve impulses are conducted from recpetors to the CNS by sensory neurons, within the CNS by relay neurons, and from the CNS to effectors by motor neurons
6.5.4 Define resting potential and action potential (depolarization and repolarization)
6.5.5 Explain how a nerve impulse passes along a non-myelinated neuron
6.5.6 Explain the principles of synaptic transmission
6.5.7 State that the endocrine system consists of glands that release hormones that are transported in the blood
6.5.8 State that homeostasis involves maintaining the internal environment between limits, including blood pH, carbon dioxide concentration, blood glucose concentration, body temperature and water balance
6.5.9 Explain that homeostasis involves monitoring levels of variables and correcting changes in levels by negative feedback mechanism
6.5.10 Explain the control of body temperature, including the transfer of heat in blood, and the roles of the hypothalamus, sweat glands, skin arterioles and shivering
6.5.11 Explain the control of blood glucose concentration, including the roles of glucagon, insulin and a and b cells in the pancreatic islets
6.5.12 Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes
Topic 6.4: Gas exchange
6.4.1 Distinguish between ventilation, gas exchange and cell respiration
6.4.2 Explain the need for a ventilation system
6.4.3 Describe the features of alveoli that adapt them to gas exchange
6.4.4 Draw and label a diagram of the ventilation system, including trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
6.4.5 Explain the mechanism of ventilation of the lungs in terms of volume and pressure changes caused by the internal and external intercostal muscles, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles
6.4.2 Explain the need for a ventilation system
6.4.3 Describe the features of alveoli that adapt them to gas exchange
6.4.4 Draw and label a diagram of the ventilation system, including trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
6.4.5 Explain the mechanism of ventilation of the lungs in terms of volume and pressure changes caused by the internal and external intercostal muscles, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles
Topic 6.3: Defense against infectious disease
6.3.1 Define pathogen
A pathogen is an organism or virus that causes a disease. Most, but not all, are microorganisms.
6.3.2 Explain why antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not against viruses
Antibiotics are naturally occuring substances that slow down or kill microorganisms. They are obtained mainly from fungi or bacteria, and are substances which such organisms manufacture in their natural habitats.
Most antibiotics are so extremely effective at disrupting bacterial metabolism that whole populations are quickly suppressed. A key process here is the formation and laying down of the new dividing wall. Bacterial cells have a rigid wall containing giant, complex, molecules of amino-sugars and peptide units (polymers) rather than the polysaccharides of plant cell walls.
Virus on the other hand, are not living cells and have no metabolism of their own to be interfered with. Viruses reproduce using metabolic pathways in their host cell that are not affected by antibiotics. Antibiotics cannot be used to prevent viral diseases.
6.3.3 Outline the role of skin and mucous membranes in defense against pathogens
6.3.4 Outline how phagocytes leucocytes ingest pathogens in the blood and in blood tissues
6.3.5 Distinguish between antigens and antibodies
6.3.6 Explain antibody production
6.3.7 Outline the effects of HIV on the immune system
6.3.8 Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDs
A pathogen is an organism or virus that causes a disease. Most, but not all, are microorganisms.
6.3.2 Explain why antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not against viruses
Antibiotics are naturally occuring substances that slow down or kill microorganisms. They are obtained mainly from fungi or bacteria, and are substances which such organisms manufacture in their natural habitats.
Most antibiotics are so extremely effective at disrupting bacterial metabolism that whole populations are quickly suppressed. A key process here is the formation and laying down of the new dividing wall. Bacterial cells have a rigid wall containing giant, complex, molecules of amino-sugars and peptide units (polymers) rather than the polysaccharides of plant cell walls.
Virus on the other hand, are not living cells and have no metabolism of their own to be interfered with. Viruses reproduce using metabolic pathways in their host cell that are not affected by antibiotics. Antibiotics cannot be used to prevent viral diseases.
6.3.3 Outline the role of skin and mucous membranes in defense against pathogens
6.3.4 Outline how phagocytes leucocytes ingest pathogens in the blood and in blood tissues
6.3.5 Distinguish between antigens and antibodies
6.3.6 Explain antibody production
6.3.7 Outline the effects of HIV on the immune system
6.3.8 Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDs
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